Debian的Linux中怎么检查软件包是否被安装

如果你正在管理debian或者ubuntu服务器，你也许会经常使用dpkg 或者 apt-get命令。这两个命令用来安装、卸载和更新包。

要检查特定的包，比如firefox是否安装了，使用这个命令：

  dpkg -s firefox

示例输出：

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  package: firefox
  status: install ok installed
  priority: optional
  section: web
  installed-size: 93339
  maintainer: ubuntu mozilla team 
  architecture: amd64
  version: 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14.04.2
  replaces: kubuntu-firefox-installer
  provides: gnome-www-browser, iceweasel, www-browser
  depends: lsb-release, libasound2 (>= 1.0.16), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.17), libcairo2 (>= 1.2.4), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.0.2), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.9.0), libfreetype6 (>= 2.2.1), libgcc1 (>= 1:4.1.1), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.37.3), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.24.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.22.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstartup-notification0 (>= 0.8), libstdc++6 (>= 4.6), libx11-6, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.3-1), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxrender1, libxt6
  recommends: xul-ext-ubufox, libcanberra0, libdbusmenu-glib4, libdbusmenu-gtk4
  suggests: ttf-lyx
  conffiles:
  /etc/firefox/syspref.js 09e457e65435a1a043521f2bd19cd2a1
  /etc/apport/blacklist.d/firefox ee63264f847e671832d42255912ce144
  /etc/apport/native-origins.d/firefox 7c26b75c7c2b715c89cc6d85338252a4
  /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox f54f7a43361c7ecfa3874abca2f292cf
  description: safe and easy web browser from mozilla
  firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. a familiar user interface,
  enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft,
  and integrated search let you get the most out of the web.
  xul-appid: {ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}

如上所见，firefox已经安装了。

同样，你可以使用dpkg-query 命令。这个命令会有一个更好的输出，当然，你可以用通配符。

  dpkg-query -l firefox

示例输出：

  desired=unknown/install/remove/purge/hold
  | status=not/inst/conf-files/unpacked/half-conf/half-inst/trig-await/trig-pend
  |/ err?=(none)/reinst-required (status,err: uppercase=bad)
  ||/ name version architecture description
  +++-====================================-=======================-=======================-=============================================================================
  ii firefox 35.0+build3-0ubuntu0.14 amd64 safe and easy web browser from mozilla

要列出你系统中安装的所有包，输入下面的命令：

  dpkg --get-selections

示例输出：

  abiword install
  abiword-common install
  accountsservice install
  acl install
  adduser install
  alsa-base install
  alsa-utils install
  anacron install
  app-install-data install
  apparmor install
  .
  .
  .
  zeitgeist install
  zeitgeist-core install
  zeitgeist-datahub install
  zenity install
  zenity-common install
  zip install
  zlib1g:amd64 install
  zlib1g:i386 install

上面的输出可能会非常长，这依赖于你的系统已安装的包。

你同样可以通过grep来过滤割到更精确的包。比如，我想要使用dpkg命令查看系统中安装的gcc包：

  dpkg --get-selections | grep gcc

示例输出：

  gcc install
  gcc-4.8 install
  gcc-4.8-base:amd64 install
  gcc-4.8-base:i386 install
  gcc-4.9-base:amd64 install
  gcc-4.9-base:i386 install
  libgcc-4.8-dev:amd64 install
  libgcc1:amd64 install
  libgcc1:i386 install

此外，你可以使用“-l”参数来找出包中文件的位置。

dpkg -l gcc-4.8

示例输出：

  /.
  /usr
  /usr/share
  /usr/share/doc
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/readme.bugs
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/news.html
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/quadmath/changelog.gz
  /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8-base/gcc
  .
  .
  .
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-4.8
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-4.8
  /usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-4.8