linux中引入模块机制有什么好处

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ cat main.c

#include
#include
 
static int __init init(void)
{
    printk("Hi module!\n");
    return 0;
}
 
static void __exit exit(void)
{
    printk("Bye module!\n");
}
 
module_init(init);
module_exit(exit);

其中init为模块入口函数，在模块加载时被调用执行，exit为模块出口函数，在模块卸载被调用执行。

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ cat Makefile

obj-m += main.o
#generate the path
CURRENT_PATH:=$(shell pwd)
#the current kernel version number
LINUX_KERNEL:=$(shell uname -r)
#the absolute path
LINUX_KERNEL_PATH:=/usr/src/linux-headers-$(LINUX_KERNEL)
#complie object
all:
    make -C $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) M=$(CURRENT_PATH) modules
#clean
clean:
    make -C $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) M=$(CURRENT_PATH) clean

其中，obj-m指定了目标文件的名称，文件名需要和源文件名相同（扩展名除外），以便于make自动推导。

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ make

make -C /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.35-22-generic M=/home/florian/module modules
make[1]: 正在进入目录 `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.35-22-generic'
  Building modules, stage 2.
  MODPOST 1 modules
make[1]:正在离开目录 `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.35-22-generic'

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ sudo insmod main.ko;dmesg | tail -1
[31077.810049] Hi module!

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ sudo rmmod main.ko;dmesg | tail -1
[31078.960442] Bye module!

florian@florian-pc:~/module$ readelf -h main.ko

ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  Class:                             ELF32
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              REL (Relocatable file)
  Machine:                           Intel 80386
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x0
  Start of program headers:          0 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          1120 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               52 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           0 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         0
  Size of section headers:           40 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         19
  Section header string table index: 16

我们发现main.ko的文件类型为可重定位目标文件，这和一般的目标文件格式没有任何区别。我们知道，目标文件是不能直接执行的，它需要经过链接器的地址空间分配、符号解析和重定位的过程，转化为可执行文件才能执行。

linux3.5.2/kernel/module.h:220

struct module
{
    ……
    /* Startup function. */
    int (*init)(void);
    ……
    /* Destruction function. */
    void (*exit)(void);
    ……
};

linux3.5.2/kernel/module.c:3009

/* This is where the real work happens */
SYSCALL_DEFINE3(init_module, void __user *, umod,
       unsigned long, len, const char __user *, uargs)
{
    struct module *mod;
    int ret = 0;
    ……
    /* Do all the hard work */
    mod = load_module(umod, len, uargs);//模块加载
    ……
    /* Start the module */
    if (mod->init != NULL)
       ret = do_one_initcall(mod->init);//模块init函数调用
    ……
    return 0;
}

linux3.5.2/kernel/module.c:2864

/* Allocate and load the module: note that size of section 0 is always
   zero, and we rely on this for optional sections. */
static struct module *load_module(void __user *umod,
                unsigned long len,
                const char __user *uargs)
{
    struct load_info info = { NULL, };
    struct module *mod;
    long err;
    ……
    /* Copy in the blobs from userspace, check they are vaguely sane. */
    err = copy_and_check(&info, umod, len, uargs);//拷贝到内核
    if (err)
       return ERR_PTR(err);
    /* Figure out module layout, and allocate all the memory. */
    mod = layout_and_allocate(&info);//地址空间分配
    if (IS_ERR(mod)) {
       err = PTR_ERR(mod);
       goto free_copy;
    }
    ……
    /* Fix up syms, so that st_value is a pointer to location. */
    err = simplify_symbols(mod, &info);//符号解析
    if (err < 0)
       goto free_modinfo;
    err = apply_relocations(mod, &info);//重定位
    if (err < 0)
       goto free_modinfo;
    ……
}

linux3.5.2/kernel/init.c:673

int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn)
{
    int count = preempt_count();
    int ret;
    if (initcall_debug)
       ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn);
    else
       ret = fn();//调用init module
    ……
    return ret;
}

linux3.5.2/kernel/module.c:768

SYSCALL_DEFINE2(delete_module, const char __user *, name_user,
        unsigned int, flags)
{
    struct module *mod;
    char name[MODULE_NAME_LEN];
    int ret, forced = 0;
    ……
    /* Final destruction now no one is using it. */
    if (mod->exit != NULL)
       mod->exit();//调用exit module
    ……
    free_module(mod);//卸载模块
    ……
}