linux系统上怎么从tar包里解压单个文件

首先我创建了一个tar包：
[oracle@goolen test]$ ls -l
total 80084
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 81998360 jul 30 09:52 test.tar.gz

我们要想解压tar包中一个文件，就需要先知道这个tar包里都有什么些文件：
[oracle@goolen test]$ tar --help | more
usage: tar [option...] [file]...
gnu `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.

examples:
  tar -cf archive.tar foo bar  # create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
  tar -tvf archive.tar         # list all files in archive.tar verbosely.
  tar -xf archive.tar          # extract all files from archive.tar.
  
-t, --list                 list the contents of an archive

-t参数可以列出tar包里的所有文件：
[oracle@goolen test]$ tar -tvf test.tar.gz       
drwxr-xr-x oracle/oinstall   0 2014-06-24 09:48 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall 18432 2014-04-25 09:18 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bifile.bbd
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall   402 2014-04-17 15:35 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/filelist.txt.bk
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall 5251072 2014-04-14 15:07 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/users01.dbf
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall 524296192 2014-04-17 15:45 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/undotbs02.dbf
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall       207 2014-06-24 09:48 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/filelist.txt
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall     67246 2014-06-24 10:24 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/log.bbd
-rw-r--r-- oracle/oinstall        47 2013-10-17 17:52 home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par

[oracle@goolen test]$ tar ztf test.tar.gz 
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bifile.bbd
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/filelist.txt.bk
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/users01.dbf
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/undotbs02.dbf
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/filelist.txt
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/log.bbd
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par

查看一下可以知道以上命令并没有实际解压tar包：
[oracle@goolen test]$ ls
test.tar.gz

+++解压bbed.par这个文件
[oracle@goolen test]$ tar zxfv test.tar.gz /home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par
tar: /home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par: not found in archive
tar: exiting with failure status due to previous errors
[oracle@goolen test]$ ls
test.tar.gz
[oracle@goolen test]$ tar zxfv test.tar.gz home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par 
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par

+++注意，tar命令后面接的是-t参数list出来的文件路径，前面不要再加一个“/”，否则就报错了

查看解压出来的文件，我们可以看到，连同文件所在的路径也一起创建了，也不是把文件解压到当前目录下，连同目录一起创建应该是为了避免同名文件被覆盖的危险吧。
[oracle@goolen test]$ ls
home  test.tar.gz
[oracle@goolen test]$ ls home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par 
home/oracle/xiaoming/bbed/bbed.par

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